COMMON ATTACK PATTERN ENUMERATION AND CLASSIFICATIONLive MITRE record

CAPEC-481

Contradictory Destinations in Traffic Routing Schemes

Adversaries can provide contradictory destinations when sending messages. Traffic is routed in networks using the domain names in various headers available at different levels of the OSI model. In a Content Delivery Network (CDN) multiple domains might be available, and if there are contradictory domain names provided it is possible to route traffic to an inappropriate destination. The technique, called Domain Fronting, involves using different domain names in the SNI field of the TLS header and the Host field of the HTTP header. An alternative technique, called Domainless Fronting, is similar, but the SNI field is left blank.

Abstraction

Standard

Typical severity

High

Likelihood of attack

Medium

Understand the attack

What is this attack pattern?

Adversaries can provide contradictory destinations when sending messages. Traffic is routed in networks using the domain names in various headers available at different levels of the OSI model. In a Content Delivery Network (CDN) multiple domains might be available, and if there are contradictory domain names provided it is possible to route traffic to an inappropriate destination. The technique, called Domain Fronting, involves using different domain names in the SNI field of the TLS header and the Host field of the HTTP header. An alternative technique, called Domainless Fronting, is similar, but the SNI field is left blank.

Requirements

What does the attack require?

Prerequisites

  • An adversary must be aware that their message will be routed using a CDN, and that both of the contradictory domains are served from that CDN.
  • If the purpose of the Domain Fronting is to hide redirected C2 traffic, the C2 server must have been created in the CDN.

Skills required

  • Medium: The adversary must have some knowledge of how messages are routed.

Resources required

Not stated in the MITRE record.

Impact

What does a successful attack lead to?

Read DataModify Data

Affected scopes: Confidentiality

Defence

How is it prevented and mitigated?

1
Monitor connections, checking headers in traffic for contradictory domain names, or empty domain names.
CAPEC-481: Contradictory Destinations in Traffic Routing Schemes — DayBreach Saldırı Sözlüğü · DayBreach