COMMON ATTACK PATTERN ENUMERATION AND CLASSIFICATIONLive MITRE record

CAPEC-638

Altered Component Firmware

An adversary exploits systems features and/or improperly protected firmware of hardware components, such as Hard Disk Drives (HDD), with the goal of executing malicious code from within the component's Master Boot Record (MBR). Conducting this type of attack entails the adversary infecting the target with firmware altering malware, using known tools, and a payload. Once this malware is executed, the MBR is modified to include instructions to execute the payload at desired intervals and when the system is booted up. A successful attack will obtain persistence within the victim system even if the operating system is reinstalled and/or if the component is formatted or has its data erased.

Abstraction

Detailed

Typical severity

Very High

Likelihood of attack

Low

Understand the attack

What is this attack pattern?

An adversary exploits systems features and/or improperly protected firmware of hardware components, such as Hard Disk Drives (HDD), with the goal of executing malicious code from within the component's Master Boot Record (MBR). Conducting this type of attack entails the adversary infecting the target with firmware altering malware, using known tools, and a payload. Once this malware is executed, the MBR is modified to include instructions to execute the payload at desired intervals and when the system is booted up. A successful attack will obtain persistence within the victim system even if the operating system is reinstalled and/or if the component is formatted or has its data erased.

Execution flow

How does the attack proceed, step by step?

1

Explore

Select Target

The adversary searches for a suitable target to attack, such as government and/or private industry organizations.

Techniques used

  • Conduct reconnaissance to determine potential targets to exploit.

Identify Components

After selecting a target, the adversary determines whether a vulnerable component, such as a specific make and model of a HDD, is contained within the target system.

Techniques used

  • [Remote Access Vector] The adversary gains remote access to the target, typically via additional malware, and explores the system to determine hardware components that are being leveraged.
  • [Physical Access Vector] The adversary intercepts components in transit and determines if the component is vulnerable to attack.
2

Experiment

Optional: Create Payload

If not using an already existing payload, the adversary creates their own to be executed at defined intervals and upon system boot processes. This payload may then be tested on the target system or a test system to confirm its functionality.
3

Exploit

Insert Firmware Altering Malware

Once a vulnerable component has been identified, the adversary leverages known malware tools to infect the component's firmware and drop the payload within the component's MBR. This allows the adversary to maintain persistence on the target and execute the payload without being detected.

Techniques used

  • The adversary inserts the firmware altering malware on the target component, via the use of known malware tools.
  • [Physical Access Vector] The adversary then sends the component to its original intended destination, where it will be installed onto a victim system.

Requirements

What does the attack require?

Prerequisites

  • Advanced knowledge about the target component's firmware
  • Advanced knowledge about Master Boot Records (MBR)
  • Advanced knowledge about tools used to insert firmware altering malware.
  • Advanced knowledge about component shipments to the target organization.

Skills required

  • High: Ability to access and reverse engineer hardware component firmware.
  • High: Ability to intercept components in transit.
  • Medium: Ability to create malicious payload to be executed from MBR.
  • Low: Ability to leverage known malware tools to infect target system and insert firmware altering malware/payload

Resources required

  • Manufacturer source code for hardware components.
  • Malware tools used to insert malware and payload onto target component.
  • Either remote or physical access to the target component.

Detection

What are the indicators of the attack?

Output observed from processes, API calls, or Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology (SMART) may provide insight into malicious modifications of MBRs.
Digital forensics tools may produce output that indicates an attack of this nature has occurred. Examples include unexpected disk partitions and/or unusual strings.

Impact

What does a successful attack lead to?

Gain PrivilegesExecute Unauthorized CommandsBypass Protection MechanismHide Activities

Affected scopes: Authentication, Authorization

Read DataModify Data

Affected scopes: Confidentiality, Access Control

Defence

How is it prevented and mitigated?

1
Leverage hardware components known to not be susceptible to these types of attacks.
2
Implement hardware RAID infrastructure.

Real world

MITRE example instances

Example instance 1Detail
In 2014, the Equation group was observed levering known malware tools to conduct component firmware alteration attacks against hard drives. In total, 12 HDD categories were shown to be vulnerable from manufacturers such as Western Digital, HGST, Samsung, and Seagate. Because of their complexity, only a few victims were targeted by these attacks. [ REF-664 ]
CAPEC-638: Altered Component Firmware — DayBreach Saldırı Sözlüğü · DayBreach