COMMON ATTACK PATTERN ENUMERATION AND CLASSIFICATIONLive MITRE record

CAPEC-71

Using Unicode Encoding to Bypass Validation Logic

An attacker may provide a Unicode string to a system component that is not Unicode aware and use that to circumvent the filter or cause the classifying mechanism to fail to properly understanding the request. That may allow the attacker to slip malicious data past the content filter and/or possibly cause the application to route the request incorrectly.

Abstraction

Detailed

Typical severity

High

Likelihood of attack

Medium

Understand the attack

What is this attack pattern?

An attacker may provide a Unicode string to a system component that is not Unicode aware and use that to circumvent the filter or cause the classifying mechanism to fail to properly understanding the request. That may allow the attacker to slip malicious data past the content filter and/or possibly cause the application to route the request incorrectly.

Execution flow

How does the attack proceed, step by step?

1

Explore

Survey the application for user-controllable inputs

Using a browser or an automated tool, an attacker follows all public links and actions on a web site. They record all the links, the forms, the resources accessed and all other potential entry-points for the web application.

Techniques used

  • Use a spidering tool to follow and record all links and analyze the web pages to find entry points. Make special note of any links that include parameters in the URL.
  • Use a proxy tool to record all user input entry points visited during a manual traversal of the web application.
  • Use a browser to manually explore the website and analyze how it is constructed. Many browsers' plugins are available to facilitate the analysis or automate the discovery.
2

Experiment

Probe entry points to locate vulnerabilities

The attacker uses the entry points gathered in the "Explore" phase as a target list and injects various Unicode encoded payloads to determine if an entry point actually represents a vulnerability with insufficient validation logic and to characterize the extent to which the vulnerability can be exploited.

Techniques used

  • Try to use Unicode encoding of content in Scripts in order to bypass validation routines.
  • Try to use Unicode encoding of content in HTML in order to bypass validation routines.
  • Try to use Unicode encoding of content in CSS in order to bypass validation routines.

Requirements

What does the attack require?

Prerequisites

  • Filtering is performed on data that has not be properly canonicalized.

Skills required

  • Medium: An attacker needs to understand Unicode encodings and have an idea (or be able to find out) what system components may not be Unicode aware.

Resources required

Not stated in the MITRE record.

Detection

What are the indicators of the attack?

Unicode encoded data is passed to APIs where it is not expected

Impact

What does a successful attack lead to?

Bypass Protection Mechanism

Affected scopes: Confidentiality, Access Control, Authorization

Execute Unauthorized Commands

Affected scopes: Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability

Modify Data

Affected scopes: Integrity

Unreliable Execution

Affected scopes: Availability

Defence

How is it prevented and mitigated?

1
Ensure that the system is Unicode aware and can properly process Unicode data. Do not make an assumption that data will be in ASCII.
2
Ensure that filtering or input validation is applied to canonical data.
3
Assume all input is malicious. Create an allowlist that defines all valid input to the software system based on the requirements specifications. Input that does not match against the allowlist should not be permitted to enter into the system.

Real world

MITRE example instances

Example instance 1Detail
A very common technique for a Unicode attack involves traversing directories looking for interesting files. An example of this idea applied to the Web is http://target.server/some_directory/../../../winnt In this case, the attacker is attempting to traverse to a directory that is not supposed to be part of standard Web services. The trick is fairly obvious, so many Web servers and scripts prevent it. However, using alternate encoding tricks, an attacker may be able to get around badly implemented request filters. In October 2000, an adversary publicly revealed that Microsoft's IIS server suffered from a variation of this problem. In the case of IIS, all the attacker had to do was provide alternate encodings for the dots and/or slashes found in a classic attack. The Unicode translations are . yields C0 AE / yields C0 AF \ yields C1 9C Using this conversion, the previously displayed URL can be encoded as http://target.server/some_directory/%C0AE/%C0AE/%C0AE%C0AE/%C0AE%C0AE/winnt See also: CVE-2000-0884
CAPEC-71: Using Unicode Encoding to Bypass Validation Logic — DayBreach Saldırı Sözlüğü · DayBreach