Use of Password System for Primary Authentication

In order to protect password systems from compromise, the following should be noted: - Passwords should be stored safely to prevent insider attack and to ensure that -- if a system is compromised -- the passwords are not retrievable. Due to password reuse, this information may be useful in the compromise of other systems these users work with. In order to protect these passwords, they should be stored encrypted, in a non-reversible state, such that the original text password cannot be extracted from the stored value. - Password aging should be strictly enforced to ensure that passwords do not remain unchanged for long periods of time. The longer a password remains in use, the higher the probability that it has been compromised. For this reason, passwords should require refreshing periodically, and users should be informed of the risk of passwords which remain in use for too long. - Password strength should be enforced intelligently. Rather than restrict passwords to specific content, or specific length, users should be encouraged to use upper and lower case letters, numbers, and symbols in their passwords. The system should also ensure that no passwords are derived from dictionary words.

Use a zero-knowledge password protocol, such as SRP.

Ensure that passwords are stored safely and are not reversible.

Implement password aging functionality that requires passwords be changed after a certain point.

Use a mechanism for determining the strength of a password and notify the user of weak password use.

Inform the user of why password protections are in place, how they work to protect data integrity, and why it is important to heed their warnings.