COMMON ATTACK PATTERN ENUMERATION AND CLASSIFICATIONLive MITRE record

CAPEC-693

StarJacking

An adversary spoofs software popularity metadata to deceive users into believing that a maliciously provided package is widely used and originates from a trusted source.

Abstraction

Detailed

Typical severity

High

Likelihood of attack

Medium

Understand the attack

What is this attack pattern?

An adversary spoofs software popularity metadata to deceive users into believing that a maliciously provided package is widely used and originates from a trusted source.

Extended description

Many open-source software packages are hosted via third-party package managers (e.g., Node Package Manager, PyPi, Yarn, etc.) that allow for easy integration of software components into existing development environments. A package manager will typically include various metadata about the software and often include a link to the package's source code repository, to assist developers in determining the trustworthiness of the software. One common statistic used in this decision-making process is the popularity of the package. This entails checking the amount of "Stars" the package has received, which the package manager displays based on the provided source code repository URL. However, many package managers do not validate the connection between the package and source code repository being provided. Adversaries can thus spoof the popularity statistic of a malicious package by associating a popular source code repository URL with the package. This can ultimately trick developers into unintentionally incorporating the malicious package into their development environment.

Execution flow

How does the attack proceed, step by step?

1

Explore

Identify target

The adversary must first identify a target package whose popularity statistics will be leveraged. This will be a popular and widely used package, as to increase the perceived pedigree of the malicious package.
2

Experiment

Spoof package popularity

The adversary provides their malicious package to a package manager and uses the source code repository URL identified in Step 1 to spoof the popularity of the package. This malicious package may also closely resemble the legitimate package whose statistics are being utilized.
3

Exploit

Exploit victims

The adversary infiltrates development environments with the goal of conducting additional attacks.

Techniques used

  • Active: The adversary attempts to trick victims into downloading the malicious package by means such as phishing and social engineering.
  • Passive: The adversary waits for victims to download and leverage the malicious package.

Requirements

What does the attack require?

Prerequisites

  • Identification of a popular open-source package whose popularity metadata is to be used for the malicious package.

Skills required

  • Low: Ability to provide a package to a package manager and associate a popular package's source code repository URL.

Resources required

Not stated in the MITRE record.

Impact

What does a successful attack lead to?

Modify Data

Affected scopes: Integrity

Hide Activities

Affected scopes: Accountability

Execute Unauthorized CommandsAlter Execution LogicGain Privileges

Affected scopes: Access Control, Authorization

Defence

How is it prevented and mitigated?

1
Before downloading open-source packages, perform precursory metadata checks to determine the author(s), frequency of updates, when the software was last updated, and if the software is widely leveraged.
2
Look for conflicting or non-unique repository references to determine if multiple packages share the same repository reference.
3
Reference vulnerability databases to determine if the software contains known vulnerabilities.
4
Only download open-source packages from reputable package managers.
5
After downloading open-source packages, ensure integrity values have not changed.
6
Before executing or incorporating the package, leverage automated testing techniques (e.g., static and dynamic analysis) to determine if the software behaves maliciously.

Real world

MITRE example instances

Example instance 1Detail
In April 2022, Checkmarx reported that packages hosted on NPM, PyPi, and Yarn do not properly validate that the provided GitHub repository URL actually pertains to the package being provided. Combined with additional attacks such as TypoSquatting, this allows adversaries to spoof popularity metadata by associating popular GitHub repository URLs with the malicious package. This can further lead to developers unintentionally including the malicious package within their development environments [ REF-721 ].