COMMON ATTACK PATTERN ENUMERATION AND CLASSIFICATIONMITRE canlı kaydı

CAPEC-652

Use of Known Kerberos Credentials

An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Kerberos credentials (e.g. Kerberos service account userID/password or Kerberos Tickets) with the goal of achieving authenticated access to additional systems, applications, or services within the domain.

Soyutlama

Standard

Tipik ciddiyet

High

Saldırı ihtimali

Medium

Saldırıyı anla

Bu saldırı kalıbı nedir?

An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Kerberos credentials (e.g. Kerberos service account userID/password or Kerberos Tickets) with the goal of achieving authenticated access to additional systems, applications, or services within the domain.

Genişletilmiş açıklama

Kerberos is the default authentication method for Windows domains and is also used across many operating systems. Attacks leveraging trusted Kerberos credentials can result in numerous consequences, depending on what Kerberos credential is stolen. For example, Kerberos service accounts are typically used to run services or scheduled tasks pertaining to authentication. However, these credentials are often weak and never expire, in addition to possessing local or domain administrator privileges. If an adversary is able to acquire these credentials, it could result in lateral movement within the domain or access to any resources the service account is privileged to access, among other things. Ultimately, successful spoofing and impersonation of trusted Kerberos credentials can lead to an adversary breaking authentication, authorization, and audit controls with the target system or application.

Uygulama akışı

Saldırı adım adım nasıl ilerler?

1

Explore

Acquire known Kerberos credentials

The adversary must obtain known Kerberos credentials in order to access the target system, application, or service within the domain.

Kullanılan teknikler

  • An adversary purchases breached Kerberos service account username/password combinations or leaked hashed passwords from the dark web.
  • An adversary guesses the credentials to a weak Kerberos service account.
  • An adversary conducts a sniffing attack to steal Kerberos tickets as they are transmitted.
  • An adversary conducts a Kerberoasting attack.
2

Experiment

Attempt Kerberos authentication

Try each Kerberos credential against various resources within the domain until the target grants access.

Kullanılan teknikler

  • Manually or automatically enter each Kerberos service account credential through the target's interface.
  • Attempt a Pass the Ticket attack.
3

Exploit

Impersonate

An adversary can use successful experiments or authentications to impersonate an authorized user or system, or to laterally move within the domain

Spoofing

Malicious data can be injected into the target system or into other systems on the domain. The adversary can also pose as a legitimate domain user to perform social engineering attacks.

Data Exfiltration

The adversary can obtain sensitive data contained within domain systems or applications.

Gereksinimler

Saldırının gerçekleşmesi için ne gerekir?

Ön koşullar

  • The system/application leverages Kerberos authentication.
  • The system/application uses one factor password-based authentication, SSO, and/or cloud-based authentication for Kerberos service accounts.
  • The system/application does not have a sound password policy that is being enforced for Kerberos service accounts.
  • The system/application does not implement an effective password throttling mechanism for authenticating to Kerberos service accounts.
  • The targeted network allows for network sniffing attacks to succeed.

Gerekli beceri

  • Low: Once an adversary obtains a known Kerberos credential, leveraging it is trivial.

Gerekli kaynak

  • A valid Kerberos ticket or a known Kerberos service account credential.

Tespit

Saldırının göstergeleri nelerdir?

Authentication attempts use expired or invalid credentials.
Authentication attempts are originating from IP addresses or locations that are inconsistent with an account's normal IP addresses or locations.
Data is being transferred and/or removed from systems/applications within the network.
Suspicious or Malicious software is downloaded/installed on systems within the domain.
Messages from a legitimate user appear to contain suspicious links or communications not consistent with the user's normal behavior.

Etki

Başarılı saldırı neye yol açar?

Gain Privileges

Etkilenen alanlar: Confidentiality, Access Control, Authentication

Read Data

Etkilenen alanlar: Confidentiality, Authorization

Modify Data

Etkilenen alanlar: Integrity

Savunma

Nasıl önlenir ve etkisi azaltılır?

1
Create a strong password policy and ensure that your system enforces this policy for Kerberos service accounts.
2
Ensure Kerberos service accounts are not reusing username/password combinations for multiple systems, applications, or services.
3
Do not reuse Kerberos service account credentials across systems.
4
Deny remote use of Kerberos service account credentials to log into domain systems.
5
Do not allow Kerberos service accounts to be a local administrator on more than one system.
6
Enable at least AES Kerberos encryption for tickets.
7
Monitor system and domain logs for abnormal credential access.

Gerçek dünya

MITRE örnek olayları

Örnek olay 1Detay
Bronze Butler (also known as Tick), has been shown to leverage forged Kerberos Ticket Granting Tickets (TGTs) and Ticket Granting Service (TGS) tickets to maintain administrative access on a number of systems. [ REF-584 ]
Örnek olay 2Detay
PowerSploit's Invoke-Kerberoast module can be leveraged to request Ticket Granting Service (TGS) tickets and return crackable ticket hashes. [ REF-585 ] [ REF-586 ]