COMMON ATTACK PATTERN ENUMERATION AND CLASSIFICATIONLive MITRE record

CAPEC-180

Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels

An attacker exploits a weakness in the configuration of access controls and is able to bypass the intended protection that these measures guard against and thereby obtain unauthorized access to the system or network. Sensitive functionality should always be protected with access controls. However configuring all but the most trivial access control systems can be very complicated and there are many opportunities for mistakes. If an attacker can learn of incorrectly configured access security settings, they may be able to exploit this in an attack.

Abstraction

Standard

Typical severity

Medium

Likelihood of attack

High

Understand the attack

What is this attack pattern?

An attacker exploits a weakness in the configuration of access controls and is able to bypass the intended protection that these measures guard against and thereby obtain unauthorized access to the system or network. Sensitive functionality should always be protected with access controls. However configuring all but the most trivial access control systems can be very complicated and there are many opportunities for mistakes. If an attacker can learn of incorrectly configured access security settings, they may be able to exploit this in an attack.

Extended description

Most commonly, attackers would take advantage of controls that provided too little protection for sensitive activities in order to perform actions that should be denied to them. In some circumstances, an attacker may be able to take advantage of overly restrictive access control policies, initiating denial of services (if an application locks because it unexpectedly failed to be granted access) or causing other legitimate actions to fail due to security. The latter class of attacks, however, is usually less severe and easier to detect than attacks based on inadequate security restrictions. This attack pattern differs from CAPEC 1, "Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs" in that the latter describes attacks where sensitive functionality lacks access controls, where, in this pattern, the access control is present, but incorrectly configured.

Execution flow

How does the attack proceed, step by step?

1

Explore

Survey

The attacker surveys the target application, possibly as a valid and authenticated user.

Techniques used

  • Spider the web site for all available links.
  • Brute force to guess all function names/action with different privileges.
2

Experiment

Identify weak points in access control configurations

The attacker probes the access control for functions and data identified in the Explore phase to identify potential weaknesses in how the access controls are configured.

Techniques used

  • The attacker attempts authenticated access to targeted functions and data.
  • The attacker attempts unauthenticated access to targeted functions and data.
  • The attacker attempts indirect and side channel access to targeted functions and data.
3

Exploit

Access the function or data bypassing the access control

The attacker executes the function or accesses the data identified in the Explore phase bypassing the access control.

Techniques used

  • The attacker executes the function or accesses the data not authorized to them.

Requirements

What does the attack require?

Prerequisites

  • The target must apply access controls, but incorrectly configure them. However, not all incorrect configurations can be exploited by an attacker. If the incorrect configuration applies too little security to some functionality, then the attacker may be able to exploit it if the access control would be the only thing preventing an attacker's access and it no longer does so. If the incorrect configuration applies too much security, it must prevent legitimate activity and the attacker must be able to force others to require this activity..

Skills required

  • Low: In order to discover unrestricted resources, the attacker does not need special tools or skills. They only have to observe the resources or access mechanisms invoked as each action is performed and then try and access those access mechanisms directly.

Resources required

  • None: No specialized resources are required to execute this type of attack.

Impact

What does a successful attack lead to?

Modify Data

Affected scopes: Integrity

Read Data

Affected scopes: Confidentiality

Execute Unauthorized Commands

Affected scopes: Authorization

Gain Privileges

Affected scopes: Authorization

Bypass Protection Mechanism

Affected scopes: Access Control, Authorization

Unreliable Execution

Affected scopes: Availability

Defence

How is it prevented and mitigated?

1
Design: Configure the access control correctly.

Real world

MITRE example instances

Example instance 1Detail
For example, an incorrectly configured Web server, may allow unauthorized access to it, thus threaten the security of the Web application.
CAPEC-180: Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels — DayBreach Saldırı Sözlüğü · DayBreach